Ethnic Studies 112B - History of Native Americans in the United States (from ±1890)
Class Outlines

Week:     [1]     [2]     [3]     [4]     [5]     [6]     [7]     [8]      [9]     [10]

Lecture 1.1: Introduction to History of Native Americans

I. Personal Introduction.

II. Course Mechanics.

III. Purpose of the Course.

IV. Lecture: Starting Points.

A. Opening the National Museum of the American Indian.

B. American Indian Subjugation from the 1870s.

C. The Osage experience in Wah'Ton-Tah

Terms:

Medicine Lodge Treaties (1867-68)

Grant's Peace Policy"

Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

Richard H. Pratt

Carlisle Indian School

Sun Dance

Medicine bundles

Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of the Interior after

Courts of Indian Offenses

Wovoka (Jack Wilson, Paiute)

Ghost Dance

Massacre at Wounded Knee (Dec. 29, 1890)

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Images for lecture 1.1

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Lecture 1.2: Film: Ishi, the Last Yahi

 

Terms:

Alfred Kroeber

Sam Bat'wi (Yana)

T. T. Waterman

Edward Sapir

Panama Pacific Exposition (1915)

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Lecture 1.3: Reservation Incarceration and Assimilation

 

I.         Visions of the People.

A. History of Ledger Art

B. Status and History for Warriors

II.         Incarceration and White Patrons.

A. The prisoners of Fort Marion

B. Native Voices from the Rez

III.         Transforming Culture and Society.

A. Adjusting to reservation life

B. Social Continuity and Novelty

IV.    Religious Continuity and Change.

A. Centered Ceremony and Cosmology

B. Persistent World View

Terms:

Hide Painting

Ledger Art

Artists:

Lakota: Swift Dog, Red Hawk, Black Hawk

Cheyenne: High Bull, Howling Wolf, John Squint Eyes, Yellow Nose (Ute captive)

Cheyenne/Arapaho: Short Horn

Kiowa: Zo Tom, Ohettoint, Silverhorn, Little Bluff, Black Cap, Pah-Bo, Wohaw

James Mooney (BAE Ethnologist)

Sun Dance

Ghost Dance

Buffalo Calf Woman

Images for lecture 1.3

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Lecture 2.1: Building the Attack onAssimilation

I.        Building the Attack on Assimilation.

A. Recasting the “Indian Problem”

B. Scientific Racialism

C. The Critique of Racialism and Assimilation

II.         The Río Grande Pueblos, Allottment, and the New Reformers.

A. Avoiding Allotment

B. New “Friends” of the Indian

III.         The Bureaucratic Revolution and the Indian New Deal.

Terms:

Edward Alsworth Ross -The Old World in the New (1914)

Madison Grant -The Passing of the Great Race (1916)

Franz Boas The Mind of Primitive Man (1911)

Oliver La Farge (Laughing Boy)

Mary Austin (Land of Little Rain)

John Neidhardt (Black Elk Speaks)

Meriam Report (1928)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

US -v- Joseph (1876)

US -v- Sandoval (1913)

Bursum Bill (1922)

Pueblo Lands Act (1924)

John Collier

Indian Defense Association

Indian Reoganization Act [Wheeler-Howard Act] (1934)

Images for lecture 2.1

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Lecture 2.2: Reversing Directions in
the Indian New Deal.

 

I. Summary: Indian Reorcanization Act (1934)

II. The Bureaucratic Revolution and the Indian New Deal.

A. The Bureaucratic Revolution.
B. The Depression in the West.
C. The New Deal and Federal Power in the West.
D. The Indian Reorganization Act.


Terms:

Indian Reoganization Act [Wheeler-Howard Act] (1934)

John Collier

Selected New Deal Legislation:

1933-34:  Public Works Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Civil Works Administration. 

1935+:  National Youth Administration, Works Progress Administration.

--------------------

IRA Constitutions

Federal Court of Indian Affairs

Johnson O'Malley Act (1934)

Indian Arts and Crafts board (1935)

Blood Quantum

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Lecture 3.1: Indian New Deal in Action.

 

I. Problems with the IRA.

II. The Navajo and the New Deal.

A. Thriving on the reservation

B. Depression Reaches Navajo Country.

C. Attack on Self-Determination.

III. Attack on Self-Determination.

 

Terms:

Carlos Montezuma

Kit Carson / General Carlton

Long Walk (1865) 

Bosque Redondo / Fort Sumner.

Drought Relief Service

Taylor Grazing Act (1934)

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

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Lecture 3.2: World War II
and the Remaking the New Deal.

 

I. Attack on Self-Determination.

II. World War II:  Remaking the New Deal.

A. World War II Economic Growth.

B. Seeds of Termination.

C. The View in:  Indian Participation in WWII.

III. Watching Indians Back Home.

Terms:

Codetalkers

They Died with their Boots On (1941)

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Lecture 4.1: Termination and
Urbanizing the American Indian.

 

I. Termination and Urbanization.

A. Components of termination.

B. Termination legislation.

C. Urbanization.

Terms:

Indian Claims Commission (1946)

Taos Pueblo, Blue Lake Claim

Lakota (Sioux), Black Hills Claim

Japanese Internment (1942-45)

House Concurrent Resolution 108  (1953)

Public Law 280  (1953)

Relocation Program  (1954)

Klamath Reservation

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Lecture 4.2: Reversing Direction Again: Indian Activism and Self-Determination.

 

I. The Civil Rights Context.

II. Rise of Self Determination.

III. Meaning in A.I.M and the Revival of “Red Power.”

 

Terms:

Civil Rights Act (1968)

National Indian Youth Council  (NIYC)

American Indian Movement  (AIM)

Occupation of Alcatraz  (1969)

Return of Blue Lake  (1970)

“Trail of Broken Treaties”  (1972)

Wounded Knee  (1973)

Russell Means, Dennis Banks

Vine Deloria, Jr.

Leonard Crow Dog, Mary Crow Dog

Ghost Dance (wanagi wachipi)  1890/1973

Sun Dance (wiwanyag wachipi)

tiyospaye - Lakota concept of a network of kinship relations

Wakan Tanka (Lakota),  Wah-kon-tah  (Osage)

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Lecture 5.1: Prelude to Sovereignty.

I.         Introduction:  Romantic Musings.

II.         Emerging Power of Native Americans.

A.      Self government
B.      Resource Issues.
C.      Issue of control of Native American voice and culture.

III.         Bearing/Baring the Past

Terms:

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)

Archaeological Resources Protection (1980)

US v Sioux Nation of Indians (1980)

Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act (1980)

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)

Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation Act (1990)


Return to readings

Session 6.1: Tribal - Governmental Relations.

For Tuesday, 11/2:

I. Analyzing candidate's American Indian platform.

II. Issues of Sovereignty

Terms:

plenary power

treaty making

Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)

"blood quantum"

lineal descent

base rolls


Return to readings

 

 

Session 6.2: Tribal Economies and Sovereignty.

For Thursday, 11/4:

  • Complete the assigned readings and think about:

    • Explain the "Sovereign Equality" and "Shared Sovereignty" paradigms discussed by Wirth and Wickstrom?

    • What do Wirth and Wickstrom see as the problem of Indian sovereignty in an "intergovernmental" system?

    • What solution do Wirth and Wickstrom propose?
    • According to Cornell and Kalt, what are the variables that tribes can control when thinking about economic development?

I.         Tribal Economies in 1960s

II.         Government led Economic Development – 1970s

Example:  Brunswick Corp. Example (Ft. Totten Sioux, ND)

III.         Tribally Determined Economic Development

Example:  Tribal Digital Village (SCTCA & Tribes, San Diego County)

Terms:

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (1973)

Self Determination and Educational Assistance Act (1975)

Sovereign Equality Paradigm

Shared Sovereignty Paradigm

Images for lecture 6.2


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Session 7.1: Tribal Economies and Sovereignty.

For Tuesday, 11/9:

  • Complete the assigned readings and think about:

    • List the principle objections made against allowing Indian tribes to build casinos on reservation land.

    • How do the Mashantucket Pequot deal with the issues of "authenticity" at various levels of their organization and tribal operations? Does "authenticity" operate differently among immigrant groups in the US?

    • How has the history of Indian gaming altered the constitutional relationship between tribal, federal, and state governments?

    • How might Indian gaming affect the exercise of tribal sovereignty?

I.        What can Tribes Do? - discussion

II.        Realities of the Gaming Option

Terms:

California -v- Cabezon Band of Mission Indians (1987)

Indian Gaming Regualtory Act (1988)

Proposition 5 (CA, 1998)

Proposition 1A(CA, 2000)

Mashintucket Peqot Museum and Research Ccenter

"Rainmaker" show, Foxwoods


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Session 8.1: Education and Tribal Control.

For Tuesday, 11/16:

  • What, specifically, does Vine Deloria argue about the nature of scientific knowledge and reasoning in relation to that of American Indians?

  • Is the issue of essentialism — the argument that minority scholars are better able to interpret their community or group — different when considering American Indians compared to immigrant groups in the United States?

  • Do Duane Champagne and Karen Swisher agree or disagree about who should write about Native Americans?

  • What do you consider to be distinctly Native American perspectives brought by Native American scholars in the examples of Academic Indigenismo discussed by Steve Talbot?

I.         Resources for Research Papers

Ethnic Newswatch http://libraries.ucsd.edu/sage/databases.html

Searchable course web database of listserve messages from H-AmIndian, Spanbord, and H-West.

Instructions --- Checklist for Better Writing --- Bibliograpic Example

II.         Educational Paradigms

Taking Indian Perspectives Seriously

Research in Native American communities

American Indians and Native Studies in the Academy

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Session 8.2: Indigenous Knowledge.

I.         Cultural Sovereignty.

II.        "Indian Thinking" and Anishinabeg/Ojibwe Religion.

A.      Myths/Sacred Stories and Historical Thinking.
B.      Anishinabeg Migrations and Origins.
C.      A. Irving Hallowell and Ojibwe Language.

III.        Language Revitalization.

Terms:

Branch of Acknowledgment Research, BIA

Muwekma Ohlome (Verona Band)

"Indian Thinking" / "Linear Thinking"

Anishinabeg / Ojibwe (Chippewa)

bimaadiziwin

Wenabozho / Minabozho

Earth Diver myth

manitou

midewiwin - ceremony and religiouis society

minewigan - lodge where midewiwin is performed

megís - Money Cowrie shell symbolizing medicine

J. G. Kohl, Kitchi Gami (1860)

Loon Foot

Peter Jones, History of the Ojibway Indians (1861)

William Warren, History of the Ojibways (1885)

W. J. Hoffman, The Midéwiwin or 'Grand Medicine' Society of the Ojibway (1885-6)

Skwekomik

A. Irving Hallowell, "Ojibwa Ontology, Behavior and World View" (1960)

Return to readings

 

Session 9.1: NAGPRA and Culture I.

For Tuesday, 11/23:

  • e-mail Questions for Jamul Chairman Acebedo to me at rfrank@ucsd.edu by Tuesday afternoon, 11/16.

  • Complete the assigned readings.

  • Please come to class prepared to participate in a discussion with Chairman Acabedo.

Questions asked by class members which Chairman Acebedo answered during his presentation:

Questions about tribal government:

As the tribal chair, what are some of your more arduous responsibilities?

Do you feel like youre really running a soveriegn govt, or do you feel like the govt still plays too much of an influence in tribal affairs?

How does his tribe decide who gets to vote? Is there a question of tribal membership and Jamul Indian identity?

Deciding about the Casino:

When and why did Jamul decide to take the initiative to take up its gaming rights?

What system does the tribe have for reaching decisions about the development of the casino? Was tribal decision for the casino unanimous? What do tribal members who dont want the casino do to show their opposion to it?

Gaming issues for Jamul:

How much is competition from a new casino expected to affect other Indian casinos in the San Diego area, and vice versa?

I noticed on the website that the city of Jamul turned down the proposed fire station in 2001, why?

What sorts/forms of opposition have you faced from your neighbors in Jamul with regards to the casino proposal and project?

If the casino is successful, in what ways do you think it will benefit the tribe, and in what ways might it play a detriment?
Another: what does the tribe hopes to gain economically as well as what they expect to/ will have to give up, if anything, to gain gaming on the reservation?

Terms:

Jamul Indian Village (a Kumeyaay Nation)

General Council

Executive Council

Customs and Traditions Tribe

Trust Lands

Mitigation

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Session 10.1: NAGPRA and Culture II.

I.      Cultural Sovereignty and the Warriors of Orange.

II. "Inhabiting" Indianness.

A. Trafficking in Material Culture.

B.  Trafficking in Indian Religion.

C. Trafficking in Indians.

III.   NAGPRA and Cultural Survivance.

A. Zuni Case:  Ahayu:da repatriation.

B.  Mescalero Apache Case:  Holy Songs.

C. Blackfeet case:  Scriver’s Troubled Bundles.

D. Kiowa Case:  Santana’s Shield.

Terms:

Post-Indian

Ahayu:da – Zuni War Gods

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Session 10.2: Class Presentations.

Anna Livia Levitt and Jeff Loggins - Diabeties in the Native American communities of San Diego

Brian Jacobs - The Land Conservation

Carolyn Fernandez, Nikoal Williams, and Andrew Breskin - La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians and Gaming

Katie Keitges - Alcatraz is not an Island!

Lindsay Williams - American Indian Education

Lan Miao - Lan Miao Playing Indian

Steven Ngamsanga and Jessica Dang - Evolution of Native American Religion, past to present day

Terms:

"thrifty-gene"

piñon soup

Land Conversation

Kumeyaay song cycles

San Luís Rey River

La Jolla Band economic development

Richard Oakes: "Leap of Faith"

Alcatraz Occupation as a symbol

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