SOCD 188F – Lecture
Notes from
Question: Describe the three stages again.
In 1967:
Israeli-Palestinian and Arab
relations
Because of during
the Six Day War they conquered:
- West
Bank – with Palestinian population and supposed to go toward Palestine’s state
(which never happened)
-
Sinai – Egypt
-
Golan Heights – Syria
Significant
turning point because:
Egypt
put their interests over the Palestinians, so they recovered their territory
and felt that the Palestinian state wasn’t important, so in 1977 Israel and
Egypt had peace (Israel’s first)
Conflict over territory gained from 1967
- Basis of debate: Annex?
Settle? Land for peace?
- Increase desire to settle in
- Conquered in 1967 because it was “the beginning of a divine promise” and
“the beginning of the messiance era” – say the Religious Jews (fundamentalist)
Three waves of settlement:
TANGENT!
Israeli Government:
- People vote for a list of
representatives
- 120 in the Knesset “proportional” not district based (like in the US)
- minorities have a better chance of getting represented
- creates a non-stable government because there are many parties in the Knesset
- Advantages: All have representatives, not just the majority
- Two largest parties are: the LSM and Likud
§
LSM
is republican ideology
§
Likud
is Ethno-National ideology
END
TANGENT
3. Suburban settlement. Along coastal zone. 1981-
a. 35% of
a. TANGENT! In 2000
Second
Intifada
-
Palestinians
questioned who was the enemy?
o Hamas: All Jews in
o Israeli’s built a wall
including settlements from Suburban Settlement
§
With
about 100,000 – 150,000 Palestinians within the wall, and their land that they
cultivate outside the wall
Compare With
-
Break in 1990s
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o Kosovo (Albanians)
-
Wars
with Serbs and others
-
War
with
-
War
with
-
War
with
-
Serbs
where everywhere, a NON-homogenous society
-
This
led to attempts at ethnic cleansing
-
Overview and Conclusion:
To understand formation of Israeli
society (from 1882 on)
-
Instead of looking at political
o
1917 Balfour Declaration – Stating
that
o
UN Partition Plan
-
Instead of looking at legal
o
These are Security Council
Resolutions that were adopted regarding
o
Meanings of resolutions have changed
over time.
§
181 – 1947 – UN Partition Plan
§
192 – Right of Return for
Palestinians stating that if Palestinians agreed to live in peace in
·
PLO opposed because they denied the
existence
§
242 – After 1967 War –
·
·
“Territories conquered in 1967 War
must be returned” it does not say “the territories” so it doesn’t necessarily
mean ALL the territories must be returned, perhaps just some of them
·
Preamble stated that the conquest of
land is not allowed, you can’t go occupy another country
·
But then
·
·
In the 1970s,
§
338 – After 1973 – Confirmed previous
-
Must look at social factors/processes
o
o
When the Nazis rose to power in 1933,
Jews began to come to
o
Demography
§
An attempt to create majority
·
TANGENT! Arafat says
(not a direct quote), “Yay! We have babies faster! Its like a demographic bomb!”
(Shafir comments: the late Arafat had a thing for bombs). Then some other guy
that lived in
o
Uses the concept of citizenship
to examine society, not just legal terms, but the broader society and the
systematic incorporation of groups into society
Three Frameworks for Citizenship
-
All lead to rights through
institutions
-
Yishuv shaped by Israeli-Palestinian
conflict
o
Economic separatism
§
Jewish National Fund (JNF) – gave land
for Jews
§
Histadrut – of the LSM, was like a
trade union because it represents workers, BUT it also employed them - labor
·
It was a major employer
·
Provided services, such as: pensions,
retirement funds, schools, bank (Worker’s Bank), bus, shipping, and
supermarkets
·
Members or those that live in
Kibbutzim, or associated with the Histadrut all part of it
·
Supported by World Zionist
Organization (WZO)
o
WZO also funded the JNF for land
o
Cooperative institutions
o
Kibbutz
Maintaining Political & Cultural Hegemony:
-
Kibbutzim emphasized
civic virtue of pioneering
o
Collective interest
over the individual for the common good (like the formation of the State of
Israel)
o
Republican concept
of citizenship
-
Ashkenazim used
Republican ideas to legitimize and control institutions
-
Jewish community
itself was stratified.
o
Ashkenazim:
§
Idealistic workers
·
went to
·
Chose not to go to
the
·
Quality – they made
Aliyah (to move to
o
Mizrachim:
§
Natural workers, and
didn’t have alternatives.
§
Quantity – Jewish
majority
§
Economic immigrants
·
British limited
immigration to
o
Though both came to
Israel escaping persecution the Ashkenazim saw themselves as superior
‘immigrants’ because they were olim (plural of oleh)
o
Ethnic gap:
§
Distinctions became
important in the 1950s and 1960s when a huge wave of Mizrachim
immigrated to
§
Between
class/ethnicity
o
Histadrut not popular among Mizrachim b/c they felt excluded since they were settled in
development towns, far from the institutions that the Ashkenazim could use
-
In 1977 Likud in
power from Mizrachim’s votes
-
Comparing Ashkenazim
and Mizrachim
o
Occupational
Differences: very large
§
Measured at second
generation so there shouldn’t be any difference between them since they both
are supposed to have gone to the same schools, etc…
o
Educational Differences:
very large
§
Measured at second
generation so there shouldn’t be any difference between them since they both
are supposed to have gone to the same schools, etc…
o
Intermarriage: 20%,
which shows more mixing of Ashkenazim and Mizrachim, but mostly from people in
the same economic class
o
Residential
Segregation
§
No interaction
§
Same education and
military
§
Both had equal
opportunities
-
Yishuv: Democratic
community of Jews and Palestinians:
o
All Jews (Ashkenazim
and Mizrachim) share the Ethno-Nationalist citizenship.
§
Get equal civil and
political rights, but not social rights.
§
The Mizrachim live
further away, so can’t use all the education and stuff that is offered to them.
§
Pension was given
more money than children allowances because the Ashkenazim tended to be older
than the Mizrachim, which were mostly younger families.
o
The ethnic gap
persisted and widened.
Liberal
-
Palestinians also
part of this and became citizens
-
Today around 17%, a
large minority
o
Langauges are Arabic
and Hebrew
o
Palestinians want
more institutional rights
§
Arab language
university
-
Mizrachim lived
sometimes in old Palestinian neighborhoods
-
Palestinian rights
as individuals
o
1966 – Palestinians
were under a military government
o
They still do not
serve in the army
-
Government decides
who will settle where
-
It is a legal
barrier (unlike the Ethno-National and Liberal barrier between Ashkenazim and
Mizrachim)
o
Example: the Kadaan
(Quaddan) family who wanted to live in a Jewish village but wasn’t allowed to
for many years
Democratic and Jewish State
-
divided loyalties,
so Palestinians do not serve in the army
o
benefits from
serving in military are not given to them
§
Children’s allowance
o
If can’t go to the
army, so serve nation in other ways (teachers, volunteer, nurses)
o
-
Palestinians work
and get paid equally, and so pay equal taxes, but they do not get all the same
benefits.
-
1967 – Palestinians
were not citizens, so they had NO rights
o
integrated into
economy
o
civil law from
o
two distinct laws
for two populations
Orthodox Jews
-
Some are Zionist,
others are not
-
Both get privileges
-
Cultural autonomy
o
Own educational
system that government finances
§
One modern orthodox
and one ultra orthodox
o
Control all Jewish
marriages/divorces
§
No civil marriage
§
No religious
intermarriage (have to go to
o
They do not serve in
the military
§
Yeshiva students
exempt
§
Women who claim to
be orthodox are exempt
-
A corporate identity
o
Social group with
separate rights and privileges (like Jews in the Middle Ages)
Dynamics of Society
-
Exclusion vs
Inclusion
o
Exclusion was
pioneering (Ethno-Nationalist)
o
Inclusion was
liberal
-
Fixed until 1980s
o
Republican still significant
even after 1948, when there was no pioneering anymore because state was viewed
as pioneering goals
§
Pioneers with
institutions and support
o
Treated citizenship
how they did during the Yishuv
§
Contribution toward
the common good (now the State of Israel)
o
State centered
economy
§
Education, military
etc…
-
In the 1980s the
importance of
o
Top: They had
everything to gain, Ashkenazim
o
Bottom: Non-citizen
Palestinians living in
o
Middle: Mizrachim
and Citizen Palestinians did not revolt because they did not want to rock the
boat and the Citizen Palestinians wanted to prove their loyalty to the state.
The Mizrachim voted for Likud in 1977 but they didn’t do much to help them.
-
In 1987 the First
Intifada started in
o
They were NOT
citizens and wanted to end Jewish settlements and create a state for
o
The Palestinian
citizens did not join the intifada because they had other ways to get their
needs across and they didn’t want a Palestinian state.
-
After 1967 the
Palestinians were a National minority and interacted with the Palestinians
living in the
-
Non-citizens
o
Different religion,
language, institutions, etc
o
Retained their
identity because they remained non-citizens
-
o
Most Palestinians
didn’t ask for citizenship
o
Less money was spent
in
o
In 1993/1994 when
-
First intifada did
not hurt the IDF, but it came at a time when there was depression in the
economy (inflation at 500%)
o
1973 Oil Embargo – OPEC
(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) didn’t sell oil to certain
countries and limited the amount of oil produced to drive the prices up
§
No Arab countries
would do business with
§
No Arab countries
would do business with any company that did business with
·
Example: Coca-cola
o
Before 1967 10% of
the Israeli budget went into the military
o
By the 1973 Yom
Kippur War and onward, 30% went to the military
-
Social rights
declined because inflation went up
-
In the 1980s
o
Private economic
interest grew
o
Less government
subsidies (no need for jobs for new immigrants)
o
State-centered
economy went down
-
1985 – reduced role
of government in economy so business began to grow (capital)
-
Stages of society
o
Yishuv: Pioneering with
Histradrut
o
1948: State with the
military
o
1985: Businesses
took over the economy
§
Few corporations
wanted to invest in
Globalization
-
It can sometimes
increase poverty (like in
-
It increased
standard of living in
o
Increased education
o
Military industrial
complex
§
Modernized the
economy
§
creation of high
tech industries
-
increase in
privatization
-
connection with
Palestinian conflict and economy
o
unstable so no one
wanted to invest
o
Arab boycott was
hurting them since no one could do business with them
-
Ashkenazi elite lost
interest in Republican ideas of the common/public good
o
They focused more on
economic or corporate ideas
o
Emphasized Liberal
§
Increase equal
rights
§
Decrease state
rights
May 1994
-
Labor lost control
of the Histadrut because it was privatized, but the health insurance was
nationalized
-
Transformed Israeli
elite under Rabin and Perez
o
Allowed Palestinian
flags
o
Negotiated with PLO
o
Liberalization
-
-
Early 1990s finally
adopted Basic Laws
o
Freedom of
Occupation – can choose which job you want
§
Couldn’t raise pigs
on Israeli land, went to court
§
Amended that it
doesn’t’ apply if it contradicts with Halacha (Jewish law)
o
Human Dignity and
Freedom
§
Kadan family
-
Republican
challenged by liberal and ethno-nationalist
o
Palestinian conflict
would be resolved when the argument between religious and liberal is resolved
Jim Ron’s Book
-
He adds another
circle around the non-citizens in the
-
He worked for human
rights not citizenship
No one could say the thesis of his argument, so
read the intro at least.
The difference between a ghetto and a frontier:
-
Ghetto: Non-citizens
live there, Israelis have obligations and Palestinians have human rights.
Groups watch over how they are treated. So
o
Policing (ethnic
policing)
§
Has limits but can
include negative tactics
-
Frontier: Under no
one’s responsibility. No laws and no institutions to appeal to.
o
Can have expulsions
§
Example: expelled
Albanians in Kosov
-
1971 – Jordanians
turned on the Palestinians because the PLO was using
o
PLO moved to
-
This is not more
threatening to
o
1982 the IDF invaded
southern
§
emptied out villages
of Lebanese population (about 200,000 to 300,000 people)
o
it was the
responsibility of the Lebanese government to maintain peace on their border,
but they let the PLO launch terrorist attacks on
§
Lebanese people
shouldn’t protect the PLO
·
Disproportionate
attacks, and eventually the IDF withdrew and the Lebanese people returned
-
1969 –
o
§
People couldn’t
complain to anyone since their government left them
o
-
In the
o
Some argue that at
some point the Palestinians could be expelled from the
-
1994:
o
now the
§
Internal Affairs
Bureau of the IDF looks into killings but not beatings, so now beatings are
okay
§
An occupied
territory, Geneva Convention doesn’t apply to terrorists but only to soldiers
of armies
§
Attempts to change
§
Not only Israeli
governments fault, the PLO failed to enforce authority in the
Read the intro and glance through the chapters in
Ron’s book to get a feel for his arguments.